
Principles & ProtocolsPrinciples - Electron crystallographyJump to ProtocolIn order to visualize a sample in a transmission electron microscope the sample must (a) be thin enough such that a beam of electrons can penetrate it (<250nm, ideally <100nm), (b) be deposited onto an EM grid, which is a thin circular copper grid that is 3mm in diameter, and (c)withstand high vacuum and electron radiation within the microscope column. For tissue, samples are prepared by cutting thin sections | ||||||||
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| < < | (sectioning). For aqueous suspensions of macromolecules, including | |||||||
| > > | (sectioning). For aqueous suspensions of macromolecules, including | |||||||
| 2D crystals and ordered helical arrays, 1-5 microliters of the solution is pipetted onto the EM grid, which is then subjected to either | ||||||||
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| < < | negative staining, plunge freezing, or a combination of these sample preservation techniques, | |||||||
| > > | negative staining, plunge freezing, or a combination of these sample preservation techniques, cryo-negative staining. | |||||||
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| < < | cryo-negative staining. | |||||||
| Two dimensional crystals are commonly formed by membrane proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin or aquaporins. These crystals ideally consist of a single layer of molecules that are held together by specific contacts, showing crystalling order.
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